Introduction
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a broad term for conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and stroke. Stroke occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted, leading to brain damage and potentially long-term disability or death.
These conditions are largely preventable and are influenced by modifiable risk factors such as:
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
- Poor diet
- Physical inactivity
- Excess alcohol consumption
- Diabetes and obesity
In the UK, cardiovascular disease accounts for over 140,000 deaths annually, representing around 26% of all deaths. Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and a major contributor to adult disability. The burden of these diseases is not evenly distributed; people living in more deprived areas are significantly more likely to suffer from CVD and die prematurely1.
The physical health and wellbeing risks associated with stroke and CVD include reduced mobility, chronic pain and cognitive decline. The mental health and wellbeing risks include depression, anxiety and social isolation. Such impacts can diminish quality of life and independence, placing additional strain on families and carers.
From an economic perspective, the total cost of cardiovascular disease in the UK (2021/22) was estimated at £29 billion annually, with £12.4 billion accounting for indirect costs such as lost productivity and informal care (£16.6 billion to direct healthcare expenses)2. Stroke alone costs the UK around £26 billion per year (2020), this figure is expected to rise by 2035 due to an ageing population and increasing prevalence3.
Other JSNA topics this topic closely linked to:
- Diabetes
- Obesity & Physical Activity
- Smoking
- Substance Misuse