Which population groups are at risk and why?
This section will focus on core epidemiological issues that take account of fixed risk factors (such as age, gender, ethnicity, family history) and modifiable risk factors (such as behaviour). The wider determinants of health (such as housing, transport and environment) are also considered.
Age
Children
- Developing bodies are more sensitive to pollutants, toxins, and poor air quality.
- Greater exposure outdoors and less ability to protect themselves
Older Adults
- Reduced physiological resilience makes them vulnerable to extreme temperatures, poor air quality, and water contamination
Socioeconomic status
- Limited access to safe housing, clean water, and cooling/heating systems.
- Often live in areas with higher pollution and environmental hazards
People with chronic conditions or mental health conditions
- Environmental stressors (heat, pollution) can worsen existing health problems.
- Mental health can deteriorate due to displacement or disaster-related stress
Pregnant women
- Increased sensitivity to toxins and extreme weather events, which can affect maternal and fetal health
Ethnic minority communities
- Often reside in areas with poorer environmental conditions due to systemic inequalities
Prisoners
- Restricted living environments may lack adequate ventilation, sanitation, and protection from extreme weather
Vulnerable children
- Higher exposure to unsafe housing and polluted environments.