Which population groups are at risk and why?
This section will focus on core epidemiological issues that take account of fixed risk factors (such as age, gender, ethnicity, family history) and modifiable risk factors (such as behaviour). The wider determinants of health (such as housing, transport and environment) are also considered.
Age
The risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes increases significantly with age, specifically2:
- White individuals aged 40 +
- South Asian, African-Caribbean and Black African individuals aged 25 +
Type 1 Diabetes is most diagnosed in children and young adults3.
Gender
Men are at slightly higher risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes4. However, women face unique risks (gestational diabetes) and may experience more severe complications once diagnosed4.
Socioeconomic status
Individuals from lower socioeconomic groups are at significantly higher risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes. These individuals also face worse health outcomes5. People in the most deprived areas are less likely to receive all 8 recommended care processes which increases risk of complications6.
Qualifications
Individuals with lower educational qualifications are at greater risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes, with those with no qualifications or only GCSE-level education significantly more likely to develop it7.
Mental health
People with mental health conditions are more likely to develop diabetes (and vice versa), there is a high prevalence of co-morbidity8.
Ethnicity
South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi), Black African and African-Caribbean individuals are at significantly higher risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes compared to the white population9.
Prisoners
Prison populations have higher rates of obesity, poor diet, smoking and physical inactivity which are risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes. Mental health conditions also contribute to the risk10.
Sexual Orientation
Sexual minority groups may experience mental health challenges, have higher risk factor health behaviours and may face barriers to accessing healthcare that may increase risk11.
Vulnerable Children
Diabetes UK state that children and young people diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes are more likely to be female, from Asian, Black or Mixed ethnic backgrounds and live in areas of higher deprivation12.